Environmental and archaeological research

Our environmental and archaeological research leverages separation science and mass spectrometry to identify novel biomarkers linked to various activities, processes and material usage. We have pioneered new methods for compound-specific stable isotope analysis, applying them to fields such as paleodietary reconstruction, plant proteomics, and aquatic biology. Additionally, our advancements in compound-specific radiocarbon dating have set new benchmarks in archaeology. Notably, 'hydroxyproline dating' has yielded the earliest known dates for human occupation and migration in Europe. Our investigations also extend to the chemistry of artifacts, where we combine cutting edge mass spectrometry methods with more traditional analytical techniques to unearth evidence of material use and manufacturing processes.

The study of organic residues as biomarkers in archaeology relies on recovering and identifying molecular markers from biomaterials known to have been utilized in the past. These markers, often degraded due to chemical breakdown or microbial activity, have traditionally shed light on the usage or origin of materials. For instance, analysing lipid residues found in pottery shards has enabled researchers to determine what was once stored in such vessels.

Advancements in mass spectrometry have significantly broadened the scope of residue analysis. Notably, 'omics' techniques, such as proteomics and metabolomics offer unprecedented discovery potential. By applying such methods, we can identify a molecular fingerprint left by ancient societies that can be used to help reconstruct their daily lives and interactions with the environment.

Thirty years ago, archaeologists unearthed an elite tomb in Peru dating from the pre-Incan Sicán culture. In the tomb was the skeleton of a man, whose skull was covered by a gold mask painted red. Researchers in the McCullagh Group analysed a sample of the skeleton with a combination of analytical techniques, revealing the presence of human blood and bird egg proteins mixed with cinnabar. These results confirmed the unique composition of the paint's binder, hinting at its potential cultural importance to the Sicán people. Elisabete Pires, Luciana da Costa Carvalho, Izumi Shimada, and James McCullagh. Journal of Proteome Research 2021 20 (11), 5212-5217

Researchers in the McCullagh Group have developed an analytical protocol for targeting organic molecules trapped in archaeological metal corrosion. The investigation of corrosion from a copper bowl dating to the Roman Period and recently excavated in Kent (UK) revealed the presence of chlorobenzenes. This finding is significant, as chlorobenzenes are synthetic compounds released through agricultural and industrial activities. The study highlights the importance of understanding the impact of pollutants on archaeological metal objects still in the ground. Carvalho, L.d., Goodburn-Brown, D., McCullagh, J.S.O. et al. The influence of pesticides on the corrosion of a Roman bowl excavated in Kent, UK. Sci Rep 12, 14521 (2022).

Environmental and archaeological research

Residue analysis

A 1,000-year-old gold mask painted with human blood

Modern pesticides found in the corrosion of a Roman bowl